Effects of Electrode Placement Upon EEG Biofeedback Training: The Monopolar-Bipolar Controversy

Authors

  • Lester G. Fehmi
  • Thomas Collura

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1300/J184v11n02_04

Abstract

Roles of tradition, convenience, and noise or artifact rejection are discussed with regard to the referential versus bipolar electrode placement controversy in electroencephalography (EEG). Particular emphasis is placed on the relevance to neurofeedback. The crucial interactions between the differential amplifier, brain waves, and referential/bipolar placements are discussed. Through logical analysis and empirical observation, it is demonstrated how the very nature of the EEG differential amplifier must destroy those elements of brain activity which are common (synchronous) to the recording electrodes. Controlled experiments further illustrate the critical importance of electrode placements. Various methods, including preferred electrode placements, are presented to help resolve recording problems that frequently arise. It is concluded that there are serious implications for researchers, EEG clinicians, neurofeedback providers, and their clients in preferring one type of electrode placement technique over another. EEG recording information is affected by this choice.

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Published

2016-09-06

Issue

Section

TECHNICAL CORNER